Late on Tuesday, South African time, the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the DOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) confirmed what had been rumoured for the previous couple of days: a huge breakthrough in the field of controlled nuclear fusion research and development. Scientists and engineers of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in Livermore, in the state of California, had, for the first time ever, achieved fusion ignition (more technically called scientific energy breakeven). In plain English, the NIF experiment produced more energy from a controlled fusion reaction that it used to create that reaction. Hitherto, such outcomes had only been achieved with uncontrolled fusion reactions, that is, with thermonuclear weapons (popularly called hydrogen bombs or H-bombs). The NIF used 2.05 megaJoules (MJ) of energy to trigger a fusion reaction which produced 3.15 MJ of energy output. This happened on December 5.
